March 1829 – Jackson’s Inauguration
When Jackson became president, thousands came to Washington, D.C., to celebrate. The large crowds showed how much support he had from everyday Americans. Wealthy leaders saw the noisy celebration as a sign. They were concerned that Jackson might cause disorder in the government.
Spring 1829 – The Spoils System Begins
Jackson swiftly replaced many government officials, handing their jobs to his supporters. He argued that rotation in office gave more citizens the chance to serve their country. Critics argued he was just rewarding friends and party allies. They felt he should choose the most qualified people instead.
April 1829 – The Kitchen Cabinet
Jackson often turned to a group of close friends and advisers for advice instead of just his official cabinet. These men were called his “Kitchen Cabinet.” They played a significant role in shaping his decisions, including policies regarding Western land.
1829 – The Peggy Eaton Affair
Jackson had many close friends whom he brought into his cabinet. One friend, John Eaton, served as Secretary of War. When Eaton married Peggy O’Neale Timberlake, Washington society refused to accept her. They spread damaging rumors in elite social circles. Jackson defended Peggy strongly, but the conflict divided his cabinet. The dispute grew heated. As a result, many cabinet members resigned. Jackson then relied more on trusted personal advisers outside the official cabinet.
1829 – Conflict with Georgia Over Cherokee Land
That year, Georgia claimed it had control over Cherokee land inside the state’s borders. This went against earlier treaties that had promised the Cherokee their land. Jackson didn’t stop Georgia. Many saw this as favoring the state instead of Native nations.
Summer 1829 – Pressure From Southern States
Settlers in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi wanted Indigenous land for farming. State leaders argued that they could not grow without more land. Jackson’s silence led these states to think he backed their efforts.
Fall 1829 – Petitions and Protests Start
Church groups and missionaries wrote to Jackson. They asked him to protect Indigenous rights. They argued that Indigenous communities had lived peacefully and should not be forced out. Jackson did not reply to these appeals. This left opponents feeling frustrated.
December 1829 – First Annual Message to Congress
In his first big speech, Jackson suggested that Native nations move west of the Mississippi River. He said this would protect them from state pressure and allow settlers to expand. His words gave Congress a clear sign of his plans.
Early 1830 – Debate in Congress
Congress debated Jackson’s ideas for months. Some members stated that removing Native nations would free up land for farmers. This change could also ease conflict. Others warned it would break promises made in treaties and harm the nation’s reputation.
Spring 1830 – Jackson Defends His Plan
Jackson wrote letters and spoke about his plan. He said removal would be best for Native nations and settlers alike. He said it would provide Indigenous people with new land and peace, free from state control. His defense set the stage for Congress to act on the proposal.
