Colonialism and imperialism are often confused, but they are not identical.

Colonialism is where one nation conquers and rules over other regions. It usually involves mass movement of people to the new territory and settling permanent colonies in the conquered territory. Colonialism exploits the resources of the conquered country for the benefit of the conqueror. It can alter the social, physical, and economic structures of a conquered region. In colonialism, the culture of the conqueror is often adopted by the conquered. Colonialism is used to describe the European settlement of places like India, Australia, North America, Algeria, and Brazil.

Imperialism dates back to the Roman Empire and describes a foreign government that governs a territory without significant settlement. Imperialism means creating an empire by expanding into the neighboring regions and spreading its dominance afar. Imperialism uses political or economic control through sovereignty or indirect means of control. The scramble for Africa in the late nineteenth century and the U.S. domination of Puerto Rico are examples of Imperialism.

Source: Difference Between Colonialism and Imperialism
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