In the early 1600s, some Indigenous nations in New England made efforts to work with colonists. The Wampanoag, led by Massasoit, formed a peace agreement with the Plymouth colonists in 1621. Both sides agreed not to harm one another, to return stolen items, and to support each other in times of war. This treaty helped the colonists survive and allowed the Wampanoag to strengthen their position against rival groups.
Key figures like Squanto and Hobbamock helped maintain this peace. Squanto taught the colonists how to farm, fish, and trade. He also served as a guide and interpreter. Hobbamock moved his family near Plymouth and acted as Massasoit’s representative. He helped build trust when tensions arose and worked closely with both groups for many years.
Still, the relationship was not equal. As more colonists arrived, they demanded more land. Massasoit eventually agreed to sell land to the English in exchange for tools, but this created pressure within his own people. Some younger Wampanoag began to resent the loss of land and the influence of English law and religion. Even before Massasoit’s death in 1656, these changes were causing strain.
Metacom, one of Massasoit’s sons, became a leader after his brother died under suspicious conditions while in English custody. Tensions increased when three of Metacom’s men were put on trial and executed by colonists. Metacom was accused of plotting against the settlers, and fighting broke out in 1675.
The conflict, later called King Philip’s War, was long and violent. Thousands of people died. Homes and villages were destroyed. Some Indigenous groups sided with the colonists, while others fought to protect their land and way of life. After Metacom was killed, the war ended, but many Indigenous communities faced lasting loss.
